摘要
轻质高强结构材料是航空航天、轨道交通、建筑工程等领域的战略性基础材料，对于实现结构轻量化、提高能源效率和推动绿色制造具有重要意义。本文系统综述了轻质高强结构材料的研究进展与工程应用，涵盖轻质高强金属材料、纤维增强复合材料、金属有机框架材料等主要类型。在金属材料方面，重点介绍了高性能铝合金、钛合金的制备技术、性能优化及其在轨道交通、船舶制造等领域的应用；在复合材料方面，详细阐述了碳纤维复合材料、玻璃纤维复合材料、天然纤维混杂复合材料的界面工程策略、力学性能及其在结构加固、建筑抗震等领域的应用；在制备技术方面，综述了选区激光熔化、大型铸造、拉挤成型等先进工艺，以及界面工程、涂层防护等性能优化方法。研究表明，轻质高强结构材料正朝着多材料混杂化、智能化多功能化、绿色可持续化、先进制造技术等方向发展。当前面临的主要挑战包括制备成本较高、界面结合强度不足、长期耐久性有待验证以及回收利用体系不完善等。未来应加强多材料优化设计、结构健康监测一体化以及可回收材料的研发，推动轻质高强结构材料的规模化工程应用。
关键词： 轻质高强材料；铝合金；碳纤维复合材料；纤维增强复合材料；结构加固；混杂层压板
Abstract
Lightweight high-strength structural materials are strategic basic materials in aerospace, rail transportation, construction engineering and other fields, playing an important role in achieving structural lightweight, improving energy efficiency and promoting green manufacturing. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and engineering applications of lightweight high-strength structural materials, covering major types such as lightweight high-strength metals, fiber-reinforced composites, and metal-organic framework materials. In terms of metallic materials, the preparation technologies, performance optimization, and applications of high-performance aluminum alloys and titanium alloys in rail transportation and shipbuilding are highlighted. In terms of composite materials, the interface engineering strategies, mechanical properties, and applications of carbon fiber composites, glass fiber composites, and natural fiber hybrid composites in structural reinforcement and seismic resistance are elaborated. In terms of preparation technologies, advanced processes such as selective laser melting, large-scale casting, and pultrusion, as well as performance optimization methods such as interface engineering and coating protection, are reviewed. Research shows that lightweight high-strength structural materials are moving towards multi-material hybridization, intelligent multifunctionalization, green sustainability, and advanced manufacturing technologies. Current challenges include high preparation costs, insufficient interfacial bonding strength, uncertain long-term durability, and imperfect recycling systems. Future efforts should strengthen multi-material optimization design, structural health monitoring integration, and recyclable material development to promote the large-scale engineering application of lightweight high-strength structural materials.
Key words： Lightweight high-strength materials; Aluminum alloy; Carbon fiber composites; Fiber-reinforced composites; Structural reinforcement; Hybrid laminates
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