摘要
3D打印作为增材制造技术的核心代表，正在深刻变革传统制造业的生产模式。3D打印材料是决定打印产品质量和功能的核心要素，其种类和性能的不断拓展是推动3D打印技术产业化的关键因素。本文系统综述了3D打印材料的研究进展，涵盖金属材料、高分子材料、生物材料及功能型材料四大类别。在金属材料方面，重点介绍了钛合金、模具钢等材料的选区激光熔化、激光粉末床熔融等成型工艺及其在航空航天、生物植入体领域的应用；在高分子材料方面，详细阐述了光固化树脂、纤维增强复合材料、生物可吸收材料的性能调控策略与功能化改性方法；在生物材料方面，综述了水凝胶、丝素蛋白、类器官等生物墨水的设计原则及其在组织工程、伤口敷料、药物筛选等领域的应用；在功能型材料方面，介绍了柔性传感材料、微针给药系统、油水分离材料等前沿方向。研究表明，3D打印材料正朝着高性能化、多功能化、生物活性化、智能化方向发展。当前面临的主要挑战包括材料种类有限、打印精度与速度的矛盾、力学性能与生物功能的平衡以及标准化与质量控制等问题。未来应加强多材料打印技术、4D打印智能材料、人工智能辅助材料开发以及临床转化与产业化等方向的研究。
关键词： 3D打印；增材制造；3D打印材料；生物打印；水凝胶；金属材料
Abstract
As the core representative of additive manufacturing technology, 3D printing is profoundly transforming the production models of traditional manufacturing industries. 3D printing materials are the core elements determining the quality and functionality of printed products, and the continuous expansion of their types and properties is a key factor driving the industrialization of 3D printing technology. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of 3D printing materials, covering four major categories: metallic materials, polymer materials, biomaterials, and functional materials. In terms of metallic materials, the forming processes such as selective laser melting and laser powder bed fusion of titanium alloys, mold steels, and their applications in aerospace and biomedical implants are highlighted. In terms of polymer materials, the performance regulation strategies and functional modification methods of photopolymer resins, fiber-reinforced composites, and bioresorbable materials are elaborated. In terms of biomaterials, the design principles of bioinks such as hydrogels, silk fibroin, and organoids and their applications in tissue engineering, wound dressings, and drug screening are reviewed. In terms of functional materials, flexible sensing materials, microneedle drug delivery systems, and oil-water separation materials are introduced. Research shows that 3D printing materials are moving towards high performance, multifunctionality, bioactivity, and intelligence. Current challenges include limited material variety, the trade-off between printing resolution and speed, the balance between mechanical properties and biological functions, as well as standardization and quality control. Future research should strengthen multi-material printing technology, 4D printing of smart materials, artificial intelligence-assisted material development, and clinical translation and industrialization.
Key words： 3D printing; Additive manufacturing; 3D printing materials; Bioprinting; Hydrogel; Metallic materials
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